Skip to main content
The Guardian – Back to home
Contribute
Subscribe
Contribute
News
Opinion
Sport
Culture
Lifestyle
Show
More
News
US news
Elections 2020
World news
Environment
Soccer
US politics
Business
Tech
Science
Opinion
The Guardian view
Columnists
Letters
Opinion videos
Cartoons
Sport
Soccer
NFL
Tennis
MLB
MLS
NBA
NHL
Culture
Film
Books
Music
Art & design
TV & radio
Stage
Classical
Games
Lifestyle
Fashion
Food
Recipes
Love & sex
Home & garden
Health & fitness
Family
Travel
Money
What term do you want to search?
Search with google
Make a contribution
Subscribe
US edition
switch to the
UK edition
switch to the
Australia edition
switch to the
International edition
Search jobs
Digital Archive
Coupons
Guardian Puzzles app
The Guardian app
Video
Podcasts
Pictures
Newsletters
Inside the Guardian
Guardian Weekly
Crosswords
Search jobs
Digital Archive
Coupons
Guardian Puzzles app
World
Europe
US
Americas
Asia
Australia
Middle East
Africa
Inequality
Global development
News
Opinion
Sport
Culture
Lifestyle
About us
Contact us
Complaints & corrections
SecureDrop
Work for us
Privacy policy
Cookie policy
Terms & conditions
Help
All topics
All writers
Digital newspaper archive
Advertise with us
Guardian Labs
Search jobs
Dating
Discount Codes
Support The Guardian
Available for everyone, funded by readers
Contribute
Subscribe
Back to top
A(C) 2020 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. All rights reserved.
Close
try{(function(isVeryModern,document,window){if(isVeryModern){var decodeBase64=function(str){return decodeURIComponent(atob(str.replace(/-/g,”+”).replace(/_/g,”/”).replace(/,/g,”x3d”)))};var cookieData=function(a){var d=[],e=document.cookie.split(“;”);a=RegExp(“^\s*”+a+”x3d\s*(.*?)\s*$”);for(var b=0;b0)return d[0];return null}(“GU_U”);var userData=cookieData?JSON.parse(decodeBase64(cookieData.split(“.”)[0])):null;if(userData){var displayName=decodeURIComponent(userData[2]);window.guardian.config.user={id:userData[0],displayName:displayName,accountCreatedDate:userData[6],emailVerified:userData[7],rawResponse:cookieData}}}})(guardian.isEnhanced&&”atob”in window,document,window)}catch(e){};try{(function(document,window){if(typeof window.getComputedStyle!==”function”)return;var ad=document.createElement(“div”);ad.style.position=”absolute”;ad.style.left=”0″;ad.style.top=”0″;ad.style.height=”10px”;ad.style.zIndex=”-1″;ad.innerHTML=”x26nbsp;”;ad.setAttribute(“class”,”ad_unit”);window.requestAnimationFrame(function(){document.body.appendChild(ad);window.requestAnimationFrame(function(){var adBlockers=window.guardian.adBlockers;var adStyles=window.getComputedStyle(ad);var displayProp=adStyles&&adStyles.getPropertyValue(“display”);var mozBindingProp=adStyles&&adStyles.getPropertyValue(“-moz-binding”);adBlockers.active=displayProp===”none”||mozBindingProp&&mozBindingProp.indexOf(“about:”)!==-1;runEachListener(adBlockers.onDetect);adBlockers.onDetect={push:function(){var toRun=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0);runEachListener(toRun)}};function runEachListener(listeners){for(var i=0;ig)return a;f.splice(g,d);return f.concat(c||[]).join(“/”)}return c}function C(a){var b=a.indexOf(“!”);return{g:a.substr(b+1),d:0<=b&&a.substr(0,b)}}function A(){}function y(a,b){A.prototype=a||N;var d=new A;A.prototype=N;for(var c in b)d[c]=b[c];return d}function E(){function a(a,b,d){c.push([a,b,d])}function b(a,b){for(var d,f=0;d=c[f++];)(d=d[a])&&d(b)}var d,c,f;d=this;c=[];f=function(d,n){a=d?function(a){a&&a(n)}:function(a,b){b&&b(n)};f=p;b(d?0:1,n);b=p;c=s};this.m=function(b,c,f){a(b,c,f);return d};this.h=function(a){d.C=a;f(!0,a)};this.f=function(a){d.qa=a;f(!1,a)};this.w=function(a){b(2,a)}}function z(a){return a instanceof E||a instanceof h}function t(a,b,d,c){z(a)?a.m(b,d,c):b(a)}function B(a,b,d){var c;return function(){0b.indexOf(“/”)&&!(b in d.c)&&(a=x(d.P)+”/”+b),a=a+”!”+c.g);return a},k:function(a,b,d,c){function f(b,c){var d,g;d=k.n(b,n.id,a);if(!c)return d;g=C(d);if(!g.d)return d;d=u[g.d];g.g=”normalize”in d?d.normalize(g.g,f,n.b)||””:f(g.g);return g.d+”!”+g.g}function g(b,d,g){var e;e=d&&function(a){d.apply(s,a)};if(v(b,”String”)){if(e)throw Error(“require(id, callback) not allowed”);g=f(b,!0);b=u[g];if(!(g in u))throw Error(“Module not resolved: “+g);return(g=z(b)&&b.a)||b}t(k.r(k.k(a,n.id,b,c)),e,g)}var n;n=new E;n.id=b||””;n.ea=c;n.H=d;n.b=a;n.A=g;g.toUrl=function(b){return k.j(f(b,!0),a).url};n.n=f;return n},F:function(a,b,d){var c,f,g;c=k.k(a,b,s,d);f=c.h;g=B(1,function(a){c.q=a;try{return k.V(c)}catch(b){c.f(b)}});c.h=function(a){t(d||I,function(){f(u[c.id]=M[c.url]=g(a))})};c.J=function(a){t(d||I,function(){c.a&&(g(a),c.w(R))})};return c},U:function(a,b,d,c){return k.k(a,d,s,c)},ca:function(a){return a.A},K:function(a){return a.a||(a.a={})},ba:function(a){var b=a.t;b||(b=a.t={id:a.id,uri:k.L(a),exports:k.K(a),config:function(){return a.b}},b.a=b.exports);return b},L:function(a){return a.url||(a.url=k.D(a.A.toUrl(a.id),a.b))},R:function(a){var b,d,c,f,g;b=”curl”;d=”define”;c=f=l;if(a&&(g=a.overwriteApi||a.oa,b=a.apiName||a.ja||b,c=a.apiContext||a.ia||c,d=a.defineName||a.la||d,f=a.defineContext||a.ka||f,G&&v(G,”Function”)&&(l.curl=G),G=null,H&&v(H,”Function”)&&(l.define=H),H=null,!g)){if(c[b]&&c[b]!=e)throw Error(b+” already exists”);if(f[d]&&f[d]!=F)throw Error(d+” already exists”);}c[b]=e;f[d]=F},b:function(a){function b(a,b){var d,c,n,e,q;for(q in a){n=a[q];v(n,”String”)&&(n={path:a[q]});n.name=n.name||q;e=f;c=C(x(n.name));d=c.g;if(c=c.d)e=g[c],e||(e=g[c]=y(f),e.c=y(f.c),e.e=[]),delete a[q];c=n;var r=b,h=void 0;c.path=x(c.path||c.location||””);r&&(h=c.main||”.”+”/”+”main”,”.”==h.charAt(0)||(h=”.”+”/”+””+h),c.M=D(h,c.name+”/”));c.b=c.config;c.b&&(c.b=y(f,c.b));c.S=d.split(“/”).length;d?(e.c[d]=c,e.e.push(d)):e.o=k.Q(n.path,f)}}function d(a){var b=a.c;a.O=RegExp(“^(“+a.e.sort(function(a,c){return b[c].S-b[a].S}).join(“|”).replace(//|./g,”\$&”)+”)(?=\/|$)”);delete a.e}var c,f,g,n;”baseUrl”in
a&&(a.o=a.baseUrl);”main”in a&&(a.M=a.main);”preloads”in a&&(a.pa=a.preloads);”pluginPath”in a&&(a.P=a.pluginPath);if(“dontAddFileExt”in a||a.i)a.i=RegExp(a.dontAddFileExt||a.i);c=q;f=y(c,a);f.c=y(c.c);g=a.plugins||{};f.plugins=y(c.plugins);f.v=y(c.v,a.v);f.u=y(c.u,a.u);f.e=[];b(a.packages,!0);b(a.paths,!1);for(n in g)a=k.n(n+”!”,””,f),f.plugins[a.substr(0,a.length-1)]=g[n];g=f.plugins;for(n in g)if(g[n]=y(f,g[n]),a=g[n].e)g[n].e=a.concat(f.e),d(g[n]);for(n in c.c)f.c.hasOwnProperty(n)||f.e.push(n);d(f);return f},j:function(a,b){var d,c,f,g;d=b.c;f=S.test(a)?a:a.replace(b.O,function(a){c=d[a]||{};g=c.b;return c.path||””});return{b:g||q,url:k.Q(f,b)}},Q:function(a,b){var d=b.o;return d&&!S.test(a)?x(d)+”/”+a:a},D:function(a,b){return a+((b||q).i.test(a)?””:”.js”)},s:function(a,b,d){var c=m.createElement(“script”);c.onload=c.onreadystatechange=function(d){d=d||l.event;if(“load”==d.type||W[c.readyState])delete L[a.id],c.onload=c.onreadystatechange=c.onerror=””,b()};c.onerror=function(){d(Error(“Syntax or http error: “+a.url))};c.type=a.N||”text/javascript”;c.charset=”utf-8″;c.async=!a.fa;c.src=a.url;L[a.id]=c;O.insertBefore(c,V);return c},W:function(a){var b=[],d;(“string”==typeof a?a:a.toSource?a.toSource():a.toString()).replace(X,””).replace(Y,function(a,f,g,e){e?d=d==e?s:d:d||b.push(g);return””});return b},aa:function(a){var b,d,c,f,g,e;g=a.length;c=a[g-1];f=v(c,”Function”)?c.length:-1;2==g?v(a[0],”Array”)?d=a[0]:b=a[0]:3==g&&(b=a[0],d=a[1]);!d&&0<f&&(e=!0,d=["require","exports","module"].slice(0,f).concat(k.W(c)));return{id:b,q:d||[],B:0<=f?c:function(){return c},p:e}},V:function(a){var b;b=a.B.apply(a.p?a.a:s,a.q);b===s&&a.a&&(b=a.t?a.a=a.t.exports:a.a);return b},G:function(a,b){a.B=b.B;a.p=b.p;a.H=b.q;k.r(a)},r:function(a){function b(a,b,c){e[b]=a;c&&r(a,b)}function d(b,c){var d,f,g,e;d=B(1,function(a){f(a);m(a,c)});f=B(1,function(a){r(a,c)});g=k.Y(b,a);(e=z(g)&&g.a)&&f(e);t(g,d,a.f,a.a&&function(a){g.a&&(a==Q?f(g.a):a==R&&d(g.a))})}function c(){a.h(e)}var f,g,e,q,h,r,m;e=[];g=a.H;q=g.length;0==g.length&&c();r=B(q,b,function(){a.J&&a.J(e)});m=B(q,b,c);for(f=0;f<q;f++)h=g[f],h in P?(m(P[h](a),f,!0),a.a&&a.w(Q)):h?d(h,f):m(s,f,!0);return a},Z:function(a){k.L(a);k.s(a,function(){var b=J;J=s;!1!==a.ha&&(!b||b.I?a.f(Error(b&&b.I||"define() missing or duplicated: "+a.url)):k.G(a,b))},a.f);return a},Y:function(a,b){var d,c,f,g,e,h,r,m,w,l,p,s;d=b.n;c=b.ea;f=b.b||q;e=d(a);e in u?h=e:(g=C(e),m=g.g,h=g.d||m,w=k.j(h,f));if(!(e in u))if(s=k.j(m,f).b,g.d)r=h;else if(r=s.moduleLoader||s.na||s.loader||s.ma)m=h,h=r,w=k.j(r,f);h in u?l=u[h]:w.url in M?l=u[h]=M[w.url]:(l=k.F(s,h,c),l.url=k.D(w.url,w.b),u[h]=M[w.url]=l,k.Z(l));h==r&&(g.d&&f.plugins[g.d]&&(s=f.plugins[g.d]),p=new E,t(l,function(a){var b,f,g;g=a.dynamic;m="normalize"in a?a.normalize(m,d,l.b)||"":d(m);f=r+"!"+m;b=u[f];if(!(f in u)){b=k.U(s,f,m,c);g||(u[f]=b);var e=function(a){g||(u[f]=a);b.h(a)};e.resolve=e;e.reject=e.error=b.f;a.load(m,b.A,e,s)}p!=b&&t(b,p.h,p.f,p.w)},p.f));return p||l},da:function(){var a;if(!v(l.opera,"Opera"))for(var b in L)if("interactive"==L[b].readyState){a=b;break}return a},$:function(a){var b=0,d,c;for(d=m&&(m.scripts||m.getElementsByTagName("script"));d&&(c=d[b++]);)if(a(c))return c},X:function(){var a,b="";(a=k.$(function(a){(a=a.getAttribute("data-curl-run"))&&(b=a);return a}))&&a.setAttribute("data-curl-run","");return b},T:function(){function a(){k.s({url:c.shift()},b,b)}function b(){r&&(c.length?(k.l(d),a()):d("run.js script did not run."))}function d(a){throw Error(a||"Primary run.js failed. Trying fallback.");}var c=r.split(Z);c.length&&a()},l:function(a){setTimeout(a,0)}};P={require:k.ca,exports:k.K,module:k.ba};e.version="0.8.9";e.config=w;F.amd={plugins:!0,jQuery:!0,curl:"0.8.9"};q={o:"",P:"curl/plugin",i:/?|.jsb/,v:{},u:{},plugins:{},c:{},O:/$^/};G=l.curl;H=l.define;G&&v(G,"Object")?(l.curl=s,w(G)):k.R();(r=k.X())&&k.l(k.T);u.curl=e;u["curl/_privileged"]={core:k,cache:u,config:function(){return q},_define:K,_curl:e,Promise:E}})(this.window||"undefined"!=typeof global&&global||this);(function(l,p){function v(){if(!p.body)return!1;F||(F=p.createTextNode(""));try{return p.body.removeChild(p.body.appendChild(F)),F=K,!0}catch(e){return!1}}function x(){var r;r=A[p[C]]&&v();if(!z&&r){z=!0;for(clearTimeout(h);e=w.pop();)e();E&&(p[C]="complete");for(var q;q=y.shift();)q()}return r}function D(){x();z||(h=setTimeout(D,t))}var C="readyState",A={loaded:1,interactive:1,complete:1},y=[],E=p&&"string"!=typeof p[C],z=!1,t=10,B,e,w=[],h,K,F;B="addEventListener"in l?function(e,h){e.addEventListener(h,x,!1);return function(){e.removeEventListener(h,x,!1)}}:function(e,h){e.attachEvent("on"+h,x);return function(){e.detachEvent(h,x)}};p&&!x()&&(w=[B(l,"load"),B(p,"readystatechange"),B(l,"DOMContentLoaded")],h=setTimeout(D,t));define("curl/domReady",function(){function e(h){z?h():y.push(h)}e.then=e;e.amd=!0;return e})})(this,this.document);(function(l,p,v){define("curl/plugin/js",["curl/_privileged"],function(l){function D(e,w,h){function p(){r||(t<new Date?h():setTimeout(p,10))}var t,r,q;t=(new Date).valueOf()+(e.ga||3E5);h&&e.a&&setTimeout(p,10);q=l.core.s(e,function(){r=!0;e.a&&(e.C=v(e.a));!e.a||e.C?w(q):h()},function(e){r=!0;h(e)})}function C(e,l){D(e,function(){var h=y.shift();t=0<y.length;h&&C.apply(null,h);l.h(e.C||!0)},function(e){l.f(e)})}var A={},y=[],E=p&&!0==p.createElement("script").async,z,t,B=/?|.jsb/;z=l.Promise;return{dynamic:!0,normalize:function(e,l){var h=e.indexOf("!");return 0<=h?l(e.substr(0,h))+e.substr(h):l(e)},load:function(e,l,h,p){function v(e){(h.error||function(e){throw e;})(e)}var r,q,x,H,m;r=0<e.indexOf("!order");q=e.indexOf("!exports=");x=0<q?e.substr(q+9):p.a;H="prefetch"in p?p.prefetch:!0;e=r||0<q?e.substr(0,e.indexOf("!")):e;q=(q=p.dontAddFileExt||p.i)?RegExp(q):B;m=l.toUrl(e);q.test(m)||(m=m.lastIndexOf(".")<=m.lastIndexOf("/")?m+".js":m);m in A?A[m]instanceof z?A[m].m(h,v):h(A[m]):(e={name:e,url:m,fa:r,a:x,ga:p.timeout},A[m]=l=new z,l.m(function(e){A[m]=e;h(e)},v),r&&!E&&t?(y.push([e,l]),H&&(e.N="text/cache",D(e,function(e){e&&e.parentNode.removeChild(e)},function(){}),e.N="")):(t=t||r,C(e,l)))},cramPlugin:".."+"/"+"cram/js"}})})(this,this.document,function(l){try{return eval(l)}catch(p){}});define("curl/plugin/domReady",[".."+"/"+"domReady"],function(l){return{load:function(p,v,x){l(x)}}});}).call(this);[].slice.apply(document.querySelectorAll('figure.interactive[data-interactive]')).forEach(function(el){require([el.getAttribute('data-interactive')],function(interactive){interactive.boot(el,document,window.guardian.config);},function(err){console.log('Interactive failed',mainJS);console.log('Error:',err);});require(['ophan/ng'],function(ophan){var a=el.querySelector('a');var href=a&&a.href;if(href){ophan.trackComponentAttention(href,el);}});[].slice.apply(document.querySelectorAll('iframe.interactive-atom-fence')).forEach(function(el){var srcdoc;if(!el.srcdoc){srcdoc=el.getAttribute('srcdoc');el.contentWindow.contents=srcdoc;el.src='javascript:window["contents"]';}});});const pillar='News';(function(){function convertContentType(contentType){var result=contentType;if(typeof contentType==='string'){result=contentType.toLowerCase().split(' ').join('');}return result;}function getQueryParam(key){var query=window.location.search.substring(1);var vars=query.split("&");var pairs=vars.map(function(x){return x.split('=')});return pairs.filter(function(xs){return xs.length==2&&xs[0]==key}).map(function(xs){return xs[1]})[0];}function getAnalyticsEdition(){var edition=(guardian.config.page.edition||'').toLowerCase()
return edition==='int'?'international':edition;}function getAnalyticsTitle(){var analyticsTitle=(guardian.config.page.webTitle||'');return(analyticsTitle==='Network Front')?getAnalyticsEdition()+' network front':analyticsTitle;}function getExperienceValue(){if(guardian.config.page.dcrCouldRender){return'dcrCouldRender';}else{return'none';}}var identityId=null;if(guardian.config.user){identityId=guardian.config.user.id;}var isLoggedIn=(!!identityId).toString();(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');ga('create','UA-78705427-1','auto','allEditorialPropertyTracker',{'sampleRate':100,'siteSpeedSampleRate':0.1,'userId':identityId});ga('create','UA-33592456-1','auto','guardianTestPropertyTracker',{'sampleRate':5,'siteSpeedSampleRate':0.1,'userId':identityId});ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','forceSSL',true);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','title',getAnalyticsTitle());ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','anonymizeIp',true);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension3','theguardian.com');ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension4',guardian.config.page.section);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension5',convertContentType(guardian.config.page.contentType));ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension6',guardian.config.page.commissioningDesks);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension7',guardian.config.page.contentId);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension8',guardian.config.page.authorIds);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension9',guardian.config.page.keywordIds);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension10',guardian.config.page.toneIds);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension11',guardian.config.page.seriesId);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension16',isLoggedIn);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension21',getQueryParam('INTCMP'));ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension22',getQueryParam('CMP_BUNIT'));ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension23',getQueryParam('CMP_TU'));ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension26',(!!guardian.config.page.isHosted).toString());ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension27',navigator.userAgent);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension29',window.location.href);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension30',getAnalyticsEdition());ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension43',getExperienceValue());ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension50',pillar);if(document.location.hash==='#fbLogin'){ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','referrer',null);document.location.hash='';}ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','forceSSL',true);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','title',getAnalyticsTitle());ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','anonymizeIp',true);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension3','theguardian.com');ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension4',guardian.config.page.section);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension5',convertContentType(guardian.config.page.contentType));ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension6',guardian.config.page.commissioningDesks);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension7',guardian.config.page.contentId);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension8',guardian.config.page.authorIds);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension9',guardian.config.page.keywordIds);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension10',guardian.config.page.toneIds);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension11',guardian.config.page.seriesId);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension16',isLoggedIn);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension21',getQueryParam('INTCMP'));ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension22',getQueryParam('CMP_BUNIT'));ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension23',getQueryParam('CMP_TU'));ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension26',(!!guardian.config.page.isHosted).toString());ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension27',navigator.userAgent);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension29',window.location.href);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension30',getAnalyticsEdition());ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension43',getExperienceValue());ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension50',pillar);if(document.location.hash==='#fbLogin'){ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','referrer',null);document.location.hash='';}ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.send','pageview',{hitCallback:function(){var image=new Image();image.src="//phar.gu-web.net/count/pvg.gif";}});try{var NG_STORAGE_KEY='gu.analytics.referrerVars';var referrerVarsData=window.sessionStorage.getItem(NG_STORAGE_KEY);var referrerVars=JSON.parse(referrerVarsData);if(referrerVars&&referrerVars.value){var d=new Date().getTime();if(d-referrerVars.value.time<60*1000){ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.send','event','Click','Internal',referrerVars.value.tag,{nonInteraction:true,dimension12:referrerVars.value.path});}window.sessionStorage.removeItem(NG_STORAGE_KEY);}}catch(e){}guardian.app&&guardian.app.mediator&&guardian.app.mediator.emit('modules:ga:ready');})();